Systematic Review
GSM Involves Microbiome Changes Across Three Body Sites
Across 23 studies involving 5,027 participants, postmenopausal women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause generally had lower Lactobacillus abundance and higher microbial diversity. Estrogen therapy partly restored Lactobacillus dominance, but microbiome changes did not consistently predict symptom relief.
Citation
Tsuboi I, Inoue S, Hirayama T, Mitsui Y, Watanabe M, Hirakawa H, Sadahira T. Gut, vaginal, and urinary microbiome alterations in women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause: A systematic review. Maturitas. 2026 Aug;211:109031. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2026.109031. PMID: 42341424.
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