Review

Estrogen Decline Drives Cognitive Changes Across Six Brain Domains

This review synthesizes evidence that the estrogen decline of menopause impairs memory, attention, executive functioning, and social cognition, with verbal and working memory showing the most significant deterioration in late postmenopause. The authors recommend a comprehensive strategy combining hormone therapy initiated early in the menopausal transition, aerobic exercise, strength training, and a balanced diet to preserve cognitive resilience and reduce Alzheimer's disease risk.